Review of Related Literature: Format, Example, & How to Make RRL

A review of related literature is a separate paper or a part of an article that collects and synthesizes discussion on a topic. Its purpose is to show the current state of research on the issue and highlight gaps in existing knowledge. A literature review can be included in a research paper or scholarly article, typically following the introduction and before the research methods section.

This article will clarify the definition, significance, and structure of a review of related literature. You’ll also learn how to organize your literature review and discover ideas for an RRL in different subjects.

🔤 What Is RRL?

A review of related literature (RRL) is a part of the research report that examines significant studies, theories, and concepts published in scholarly sources on a particular topic. An RRL includes 3 main components:

❗ Significance of Review of Related Literature

Although the goal of a review of related literature differs depending on the discipline and its intended use, its significance cannot be overstated. Here are some examples of how a review might be beneficial:

• It helps determine knowledge gaps.
• It saves from duplicating research that has already been conducted.
• It provides an overview of various research areas within the discipline.
• It demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with the topic.

🔎 How to Perform a Literature Search

Including a description of your search strategy in the literature review section can significantly increase your grade. You can search sources with the following steps:

1. Identify search terms. You should specify all the keywords and their synonyms used to look for relevant sources.
2. Find an initial pool of sources. Using your search terms, look through the online (libraries and databases) and offline (books and journals) sources related to your topic.  
3. Filter the sources by authors’ credentials. It is not possible to discuss all of the sources you have discovered. Instead, use the works of the most notable researchers and authors.  
4. Choose the most influential sources. From the remaining references, you should pick those with the most significant contribution to the research area development.  
5. Sort out the sources. Your literature search strategy should prioritize new publications over older ones to cover the latest research advancements. 

🧩 Literature Review Structure Example

The majority of literature reviews follow a standard introduction-body-conclusion structure. Let’s look at the RRL structure in detail.

Introduction of Review of Related Literature: Sample

An introduction should clarify the study topic and the depth of the information to be delivered. It should also report the types of sources used. If your literature review is part of a larger research proposal or project, you can combine its introductory paragraph with the opening section of your paper.

Here is a sample introduction to an RRL about cyberbullying:

Bullying has troubled people since the inception of time. However, with contemporary technological advancements, especially social media, bullying has evolved into cyberbullying. Consequently, nowadays, teenagers and adults cannot flee their bullies, which makes them feel lonely and helpless. This literature review will investigate recent studies on cyberbullying.

Sample Review of Related Literature Thesis

A thesis statement should incorporate the central idea of your literature review and the primary supporting elements you discovered in the sources. Thesis statements are typically put at the end of the introductory paragraph. 

Look at a sample thesis of a review of related literature:

This literature review shows that scholars have recently covered the issues of bullies’ motivation, the influence of bullying on victims and aggressors, common cyberbullying techniques, and victims’ coping strategies. However, there is still no agreement on the best practices to tackle cyberbullying.

Literature Review Body Paragraph Example

The main body should provide an overview of the existing research on the issue. Body paragraphs should not just summarize each source but analyze them. You can organize your paragraphs with these 3 elements:

1. Claim. Start with a topic sentence linked to your literature review purpose.
2. Evidence. Cite relevant information from your chosen sources.
3. Discussion. Explain how the cited data reinforces your claim.

Here’s a literature review body paragraph example:

Scholars have examined the link between the aggressor and the victim. Beran et al. (2007) state that students bullied online frequently become cyberbullies themselves. Faucher et al. (2014) confirm this with their findings: they discovered that male and female students began engaging in cyberbullying after being subject to bullying. Hence, one can infer that being a victim of bullying increases one’s probability of becoming a cyberbully.

Review of Related Literature: Conclusion

A conclusion presents a general consensus on the topic. Depending on your literature review purpose, it might include the following:

• Introduction to further research. If you write a literature review as part of a larger research project, you can present your research question in your conclusion.
• Overview of theories. You can summarize critical theories and concepts to help your reader understand the topic better.
• Discussion of the gap. If you identified a research gap in the sources, your conclusion could explain why that gap is significant.

Check out a conclusion example that indicates a research gap:

There is extensive research into bullies’ motivation, the consequences of bullying for victims and aggressors, strategies for bullying, and coping with it. Yet, academics still have not reached a consensus on what to consider the best practices to combat cyberbullying. This question is of great significance due to the critical adverse effects of cyberbullying on victims and harassers.

📋 Format of RRL — APA, MLA, & Others

In this section, we will discuss how to format an RRL according to the most common citation styles: APA, Chicago, MLA, and Harvard.

APA

Writing a literature review using the APA7 style requires the following text formatting:

Font	Times New Roman or Arial, 12 pt
Line spacing	Double spacing
Margins	All sides — 1″ (2.54 cm)
Page numbers	Top right-hand corner, starting with the title page
Title page	Title of the paper: no more than 12 words, typed in bold, centered, written in title case Student’s name University Course Professor’s name Date

• When using APA in-text citations, include the author’s last name and the year of publication in parentheses.
• For direct quotations, you must also add the page number. If you use sources without page numbers, such as websites or e-books, include a paragraph number instead.
• When referring to the author’s name in a sentence, you do not need to repeat it at the end of the sentence. Instead, include the year of publication inside the parentheses after their name.
• The reference list should be included at the end of your literature review. It is always alphabetized by the last name of the author (from A to Z), and the lines are indented one-half inch from the left margin of your paper. Do not forget to invert authors’ names (the last name should come first) and include the full titles of journals instead of their abbreviations. If you use an online source, add its URL.

Chicago

The RRL format in the Chicago style is as follows:

Font	12-pt Times New Roman, Arial, or Palatino
Line spacing	Double spacing, BUT single spacing is used to format block quotations, titles of tables and figures, footnotes, and bibliographical entries.
Margins	All sides — 1″ (2.54 cm)
Page numbers	Top right-hand corner. There should be no numbered pages on the title page or the page with the table of contents.

• Chicago in-text citations can come in two formats:
  • Author-date. You place your citations in brackets within the text, indicating the name of the author and the year of publication.
  • Notes and bibliography. You place your citations in numbered footnotes or endnotes to connect the citation back to the source in the bibliography.
• The reference list, or bibliography, in Chicago style, is at the end of a literature review. The sources are arranged alphabetically and single-spaced. Each bibliography entry begins with the author’s name and the source’s title, followed by publication information, such as the city of publication, the publisher, and the year of publication.

MLA

Writing a literature review using the MLA style requires the following text formatting:

Font	12-pt Times New Roman or Arial
Line spacing	Double spacing
Margins	All sides — 1″ (2.54 cm)
Page numbers	Top right-hand corner. Your last name should precede the page number.
Title page	Not required. Instead, include a header in the top left-hand corner of the first page with content. It should contain: Your name Professor’s name Course Date

• In the MLA format, you can cite a source in the text by indicating the author’s last name and the page number in parentheses at the end of the citation. If the cited information takes several pages, you need to include all the page numbers.
• The reference list in MLA style is titled “Works Cited.” In this section, all sources used in the paper should be listed in alphabetical order. Each entry should contain the author, title of the source, title of the journal or a larger volume, other contributors, version, number, publisher, and publication date.

Harvard

The Harvard style requires you to use the following text formatting for your RRL:

Font	12-pt Times New Roman or Arial
Line spacing	Double spacing
Margins	All sides — 1″ (2.54 cm)
Page numbers	Top right-hand corner. Your last name should precede the page number.

• In-text citations in the Harvard style include the author’s last name and the year of publication. If you are using a direct quote in your literature review, you need to add the page number as well.
• Arrange your list of references alphabetically. Each entry should contain the author’s last name, their initials, the year of publication, the title of the source, and other publication information, like the journal title and issue number or the publisher.

✍️ How to Write Review of Related Literature – Sample

Literature reviews can be organized in many ways depending on what you want to achieve with them. In this section, we will look at 3 examples of how you can write your RRL.

Thematic Literature Review

A thematic literature review is arranged around central themes or issues discussed in the sources. If you have identified some recurring themes in the literature, you can divide your RRL into sections that address various aspects of the topic. For example, if you examine studies on e-learning, you can distinguish such themes as the cost-effectiveness of online learning, the technologies used, and its effectiveness compared to traditional education.

Chronological Literature Review

A chronological literature review is a way to track the development of the topic over time. If you use this method, avoid merely listing and summarizing sources in chronological order. Instead, try to analyze the trends, turning moments, and critical debates that have shaped the field’s path. Also, you can give your interpretation of how and why specific advances occurred.

Methodological Literature Review

A methodological literature review differs from the preceding ones in that it usually doesn’t focus on the sources’ content. Instead, it is concerned with the research methods. So, if your references come from several disciplines or fields employing various research techniques, you can compare the findings and conclusions of different methodologies, for instance:

• empirical vs. theoretical studies;
• qualitative vs. quantitative research.

📚 Examples of Review of Related Literature and Studies

We have prepared a short example of RRL on climate change for you to see how everything works in practice!

Have you ever struggled with finding the topic for an RRL in different subjects? Read the following paragraphs to get some ideas!

Nursing Literature Review Example

Many topics in the nursing field require research. For example, you can write a review of literature related to dengue fever. Give a general overview of dengue virus infections, including its clinical symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and therapy.

Another good idea is to review related literature and studies about teenage pregnancy. This review can describe the effectiveness of specific programs for adolescent mothers and their children and summarize recommendations for preventing early pregnancy.

📝 Check out some more valuable examples below:

• Hospital Readmissions: Literature Review.
• Literature Review: Lower Sepsis Mortality Rates.
• Breast Cancer: Literature Review.
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Literature Review.
• PICO for Pressure Ulcers: Literature Review.
• COVID-19 Spread Prevention: Literature Review.
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Literature Review.
• Hypertension Treatment Adherence: Literature Review.
• Neonatal Sepsis Prevention: Literature Review.
• Healthcare-Associated Infections: Literature Review.
• Understaffing in Nursing: Literature Review.

Psychology Literature Review Example

If you look for an RRL topic in psychology, you can write a review of related literature about stress. Summarize scientific evidence about stress stages, side effects, types, or reduction strategies. Or you can write a review of related literature about computer game addiction. In this case, you may concentrate on the neural mechanisms underlying the internet gaming disorder, compare it to other addictions, or evaluate treatment strategies.

A review of related literature about cyberbullying is another interesting option. You can highlight the impact of cyberbullying on undergraduate students’ academic, social, and emotional development.

📝 Look at the examples that we have prepared for you to come up with some more ideas:

• Mindfulness in Counseling: A Literature Review.
• Team-Building Across Cultures: Literature Review.
• Anxiety and Decision Making: Literature Review.
• Literature Review on Depression.
• Literature Review on Narcissism.
• Effects of Depression Among Adolescents.
• Causes and Effects of Anxiety in Children.

Literature Review — Sociology Example

Sociological research poses critical questions about social structures and phenomena. For example, you can write a review of related literature about child labor, exploring cultural beliefs and social norms that normalize the exploitation of children. Or you can create a review of related literature about social media. It can investigate the impact of social media on relationships between adolescents or the role of social networks on immigrants’ acculturation.

📝 You can find some more ideas below!

• Teachers and Students’ Gender-Based Interactions.
• Gender Identity: Biological Perspective and Social Cognitive Theory.
• Gender: Culturally-Prescribed Role or Biological Sex.
• The Influence of Opioid Misuse on Academic Achievement of Veteran Students.
• The Importance of Ethics in Research.
• The Role of Family and Social Network Support in Mental Health.

Education Literature Review Example

For your education studies, you can write a review of related literature about academic performance to determine factors that affect student achievement and highlight research gaps. One more idea is to create a review of related literature on study habits, considering their role in the student’s life and academic outcomes.

You can also evaluate a computerized grading system in a review of related literature to single out its advantages and barriers to implementation. Or you can complete a review of related literature on instructional materials to identify their most common types and effects on student achievement.

📝 Find some inspiration in the examples below:

• Literature Review on Online Learning Challenges From COVID-19.
• Education, Leadership, and Management: Literature Review.
• Literature Review: Standardized Testing Bias.
• Bullying of Disabled Children in School.
• Interventions and Letter & Sound Recognition: A Literature Review.
• Social-Emotional Skills Program for Preschoolers.
• Effectiveness of Educational Leadership Management Skills.

Business Research Literature Review

If you’re a business student, you can focus on customer satisfaction in your review of related literature. Discuss specific customer satisfaction features and how it is affected by service quality and prices. You can also create a theoretical literature review about consumer buying behavior to evaluate theories that have significantly contributed to understanding how consumers make purchasing decisions.

📝 Look at the examples to get more exciting ideas:

• Human Resource Development: Literature Review.
• Project Management. Literature Review.
• Strategic HRM: A Literature Review.
• Customer Relationship Management: Literature Review.

To conclude, a review of related literature is a significant genre of scholarly works that can be applied in various disciplines and for multiple goals. The sources examined in an RRL provide theoretical frameworks for future studies and help create original research questions and hypotheses.

When you finish your outstanding literature review, don’t forget to check whether it sounds logical and coherent. Our text-to-speech tool can help you with that!

🔗 References

1. Literature Reviews | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2. Writing a Literature Review | Purdue Online Writing Lab
3. Learn How to Write a Review of Literature | University of Wisconsin-Madison
4. The Literature Review: A Few Tips on Conducting It | University of Toronto
5. Writing a Literature Review | UC San Diego
6. Conduct a Literature Review | The University of Arizona
7. Methods for Literature Reviews | National Library of Medicine
8. Literature Reviews: 5. Write the Review | Georgia State University